On a windswept plateau high above the Arabian Sea, Sena Keybani cradles a sapling that barely reaches her ankle.
The young plant, protected by a makeshift fence of wood and wire, is a kind of dragon’s blood tree — a species found only on the Yemeni island of Socotra that is now struggling to survive intensifying threats from climate change.
“Seeing the trees die, it’s like losing one of your babies,” Keybani, whose family runs a nursery dedicated to preserving the species, said.
READ MORE: Mushroom cook’s phone records under the microscope
Known for their mushroom-shaped canopies and the blood-red sap that courses through their wood, the trees once stood in great numbers.
But increasingly severe cyclones, grazing by invasive goats, and persistent turmoil in Yemen — which is one of the world’s poorest countries and beset by a decade-long civil war — have pushed the species, and the unique ecosystem it supports, toward collapse.
Often compared to the Galapagos Islands, Socotra floats in splendid isolation some 240 kilometres off the Horn of Africa.
Its biological riches — including 825 plant species, of which more than a third exist nowhere else on Earth — have earned it UNESCO World Heritage status.
Among them are bottle trees, whose swollen trunks jut from rock like sculptures, and frankincense, their gnarled limbs twisting skywards.
But it’s the dragon’s blood tree that has long captured imaginations, its otherworldly form seeming to belong more to the pages of Dr Seuss than to any terrestrial forest.
READ MORE: Rustlers steal $3500 fibreglass cow in Melbourne
The island receives about 5000 tourists annually, many drawn by the surreal sight of the dragon’s blood forests.
Visitors are required to hire local guides and stay in campsites run by Socotran families to ensure tourist dollars are distributed locally.
If the trees were to disappear, the industry that sustains many islanders could vanish with them.
“With the income we receive from tourism, we live better than those on the mainland,” Mubarak Kopi, Socotra’s head of tourism, said.
But the tree is more than a botanical curiosity: It’s a pillar of Socotra’s ecosystem.
The umbrella-like canopies capture fog and rain, which they channel into the soil below, allowing neighbouring plants to thrive in the arid climate.
READ MORE: Prime Minister invites Pope to Australia during private meeting
“When you lose the trees, you lose everything — the soil, the water, the entire ecosystem,” Kay Van Damme, a Belgian conservation biologist who has worked on Socotra since 1999, said.
Without intervention, scientists like Van Damme warn these trees could disappear within a few centuries — and with them many other species.
“We’ve succeeded, as humans, to destroy huge amounts of nature on most of the world’s islands,” he said.
“Socotra is a place where we can actually really do something. But if we don’t, this one is on us.”
Increasingly intense cyclones uproot trees
Across the rugged expanse of Socotra’s Firmihin plateau, the largest remaining dragon’s blood forest unfolds against the backdrop of jagged mountains.
Thousands of wide canopies balance atop slender trunks.
Socotra starlings dart among the dense crowns while Egyptian vultures bank against the relentless gusts.
Below, goats weave through the rocky undergrowth.
READ MORE: How the drought crisis will affect your weekly shop
The frequency of severe cyclones has increased dramatically across the Arabian Sea in recent decades, according to a 2017 study in the journal Nature Climate Change, and Socotra’s dragon’s blood trees are paying the price.
In 2015, a devastating one-two punch of cyclones — unprecedented in their intensity — tore across the island.
Centuries-old specimens, some over 500 years old, which had weathered countless previous storms, were uprooted by the thousands.
The destruction continued in 2018 with yet another cyclone.
READ MORE: Victorians promised no new or raised taxes in today’s state budget
As greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, so too will the intensity of the storms, warned Hiroyuki Murakami, a climate scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the study’s lead author.
“Climate models all over the world robustly project more favourable conditions for tropical cyclones.”
Invasive goats endanger young trees
But storms aren’t the only threat.
Unlike pine or oak trees, which grow 60 to 90 centimetres per year, dragon’s blood trees creep along at just 2 to 3 centimetres annually.
By the time they reach maturity, many have already succumbed to an insidious danger: goats.
An invasive species on Socotra, free-roaming goats devour saplings before they have a chance to grow.
Outside of hard-to-reach cliffs, the only place young dragon’s blood trees can survive is within protected nurseries.
READ MORE: Vodafone alleges Telstra misled Australians over coverage claims
“The majority of forests that have been surveyed are what we call over-mature — there are no young trees, there are no seedlings,” Alan Forrest, a biodiversity scientist at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh’s Centre for Middle Eastern Plants, said.
“So you’ve got old trees coming down and dying, and there’s not a lot of regeneration going on.”
Keybani’s family’s nursery is one of several critical enclosures that keep out goats and allow saplings to grow undisturbed.
“Within those nurseries and enclosures, the reproduction and age structure of the vegetation is much better,” Forrest said.
“And therefore, it will be more resilient to climate change.”
Conflict threatens conservation
But such conservation efforts are complicated by Yemen’s stalemated civil war.
As the Saudi Arabia-backed, internationally recognised government battles Houthi rebels — a Shiite group backed by Iran — the conflict has spilled beyond the country’s borders.
Houthi attacks on Israel and commercial shipping in the Red Sea have drawn retaliation from Israeli and Western forces, further destabilising the region.
“The Yemeni government has 99 problems right now,” Abdulrahman Al-Eryani, an advisor with Gulf State Analytics, a Washington-based risk consulting firm, said.
“Policymakers are focused on stabilising the country and ensuring essential services like electricity and water remain functional. Addressing climate issues would be a luxury.”
READ MORE: ‘Hidden’ gut damage triggered by eating fatty food for just two days
With little national support, conservation efforts are left largely up to Socotrans.
But local resources are scarce, Sami Mubarak, an ecotourism guide on the island, said.
Mubarak gestures toward the Keybani family nursery’s slanting fence posts, strung together with flimsy wire.
The enclosures only last a few years before the wind and rain break them down.
Funding for sturdier nurseries with cement fence posts would go a long way, he said.
“Right now, there are only a few small environmental projects — it’s not enough,” he said.
“We need the local authority and national government of Yemen to make conservation a priority.”
